Tuesday, December 25, 2018

An Ode to the BOL: Uncorking the Hero in a Villain


What became of the Moro today?
Search me, you're likely to say. Like someone is laying the blame on you for the extinction of a rare breed.
While a few hardy souls may lament the passing of a bygone era, the general attitude towards the Moro had always been a let-sleeping-dogs-lie, always politically correct a stance. Yes, everyone is curious about the Moro — perhaps one may even find a tad titillating — yet he could be  a trickster one dare not touch with a ten-foot long pole.
In cocktails, risk dropping in the taboo subject and  watch how everyone's eyebrows rise like birds abandoning their perch. Very Pavlovian: It never fails in its expected response like you have just spilled wine on someone's Oscar de la Renta and she has to flee for the powder room. For your trouble, you're instantly marked a crank. You might be grudged a token lingering diplomacy, but as everyone slips away one by one, eventually you find yourself nursing your drink alone in a corner.
But isn't it safe now to be broaching the subject? After all, the days when a puffed-up Moro could not be slighted were gone. The age when you dare not stare at a datu's concubine or risk your head  spinning off your neck  is but a blurry memory.  The days of the juramentado running amuck in the midst of a fiesta had been relegated to romance stories and bookended for good. Even the Colt .45 which, ostensibly, had been developed to steam the onrush of the pesky brown berserker had  long ago been officially retired by the U.S. Army, now gathering dust in the museum.
Illustration: courtesy of Edris Tamano
Yet it seemed surreally comforting being not reminded of the Moro at all. In the reckoning of the country, he is an anomaly — a freak of history. In our school books, you hardly get by past page five to warm yourself on the subject when you're hurtled towards la-la land. Every subtle effort is employed to erase any vestige of him in the landscape, subtle so that the sleeping dog would not be roused. Snippets that over the years made colossal, so that should the Moro finally awaken he would find that the rug had been pulled out under him.  One blogger, De AnDA (not a Moro), for instance, was so unusually ruffled to remind everyone that the entire province of Rizal was once called the province of Morong. "They renamed the province after Rizal (as if he needs more publicity). It baffles me why they changed the name? Morong refers to its former inhabitants, the Moros, said to have lived in the peninsula’s mountainous parts. Could this be the reason why? Were they (Americans and Filipino leaders in the early 1900′s) uncomfortable with such a name?"
In the Capital, the only vague reference a wide-eyed child might espy of the Moro to note his passing is a billboard of a vinegar advertisement. Well, at least, the name-changers in this country had left something out to humor the Moro so that when he comes out of his long slumber, we could point out to him that one lowly town had been retained to his name after all (As though the rug had been surreptitiously cut out of his lying form like a chalk outline of a body in a murder scene). But when you begin to replace old names, a slice of history is sadly lost. That's why in 1991 the Russians had the good sense to revert the name of their cultural capital back to Saint Petersburg from Leningrad — the name given to Russia's second largest city by the Communist government after the death of Lenin in 1924.
Jose Rizal himself,  mind you, if he were alive today, won't be too happy. Between 1889 and 1890, he spent a good deal of what precious funds he had to travel to Europe in his quest to research the pre-colonial setup of the Philippines. He suspected that his country used to be economically prosperous and politically sound to deal with dignity and aplomb with the neighboring countries . He believed that the native population held arts and literature worthy of their generation. He intuited that the Spaniards were playing fast and loose with the minds of the natives. That's why he was seeking a more independent source. Alas, given the state of the world at the time, the best the good doctor could muster, holed up in London's  British Museum, was Antonio Morga's work.
Today, in the dawn of the internet, the five-page sprint still holds. I'm not about trying to reduce the nation to myself; every region has its fair share in molding this country. But the Moro is singled out and studiously doused. All along, we feign innocence of his presence in the sanitized language of avoidance. This self-inflicted numbness finds most of its practitioners in the government. It has a coterie of following in the sala of Congress and the Senate and even in a long carousel of residents of Malacañan. But, as often happens, the thing we dodge, the thing we pretend isn't there, has a tendency to hit us back — and often — like a brick.
In the wake of the incursion into the islands of Sabah by the loyal forces of the Sultanate of Sulu, a neighbor of mine in the Capital asked me  what's happening down there like the kitchen was up in smoke — if I might bring him up to speed, because I'm a Moro myself, and I'm supposed to be in the know.
I shrugged. "It's only a landlord-tenant thing," I said, and said no more. My neighbor shook his head and walked away like I'd just insulted him.
But I didn't. My reply was, in fact, succinct — blunt to the point. I didn't need to tell him that around Lahad Datu, etc., there live clusters of villages there who speak in almost perfect pitch the patois of my folks in lowland Ranaū-Iranūn, though they're slowly being emulsified into other cultures of the place.  They're not recent immigrants. They'd been there for centuries, the result of sea traffic along the ancient slave-trading lanes.
I wasn't trying to be rude, but in the decades I'd been in the Capital, I got the hang of shooting the breeze with people who only had a token appreciation of how the Moro became a pariah in the land he dearly so love and fought with life and limb for almost half a millennia. We couldn't be bothered. We're not really emotionally invested in his struggle, because we couldn't espy any foreseeable dividend in him. So we are apt to regard every event in the South with statistic coldness like it has a shelf life in a supermarket stand. It's like when bandits take hostage a few foreigners in the South. For days on end, it would be the butt of news. There may even be a side bar article on the perennial rebellion, nice as you please. But like the typhoons that hit the country every year, once it had played itself out, the region sulks back into the backwater of oblivion.
Don't get me wrong. The world isn't flat. I'm not into any sort of historical dismantling. I'm not groping into skeleton closets hoping for something I can employ to devastating use. I'm not out to convince everyone to sympathize with the cause of the MILF or whatever rebellion may sprout out in succeeding. I'm not a rebel myself and I don't square to the organization's ideal. We're Filipinos the last I checked. But if we are to exploit the last frontier of the country, if we are to turn the cove of the Moro Gulf into another Singapore, we better play it right together.
So how do we get ourselves invested — or reinvested — in the Moro? Do we embrace him like a long lost brother who had been separated by the war? Do we celebrate with him a late KKK disco party to demonstrate we're not afflicted by colonial neurosis? Do we invite the Chair of the MILF into our barracks for a barbecue? Should Kaká Digong exchange his beloved Glock for the Chair's Makarov in a ceremony of colors? Before the absurdity could continue ad nauseam, one thing is incontestable: the Moro was never invited what he could bring on the table in the shaping of this nation. As if his not surrendering to the colonialists was his own undoing that now, coming from the back of beyond, he has to play catch up and hobble himself into the rythm. He dangles like a sore thumb. An afterthought. And Amaī Manabilang would have turned in his grave.
When the Americans replaced the Spaniards in 1889, they thought they were just routinely filling in a vacuum here. Worse, going through the momentum of a handover, they thought they were merely tiptoeing a blueprint. After all, they had just been through many wars with the American Indian nations of the Great Plains. In fact, a few of the waves of conscripts who shipped in to the Moro Provinces were fresh from the campaigns with the Apaches and the Cherokees. So from their ships, they rolled out their Hotchkiss mountain guns, their Vickers batteries, and unloaded their mounted regiment like they were merely replaying to a script.
What the white man had failed to internalize, riding the coattails of a mindset, is that the islands were not up for grabs (Or as a pop song goes, "She's already taken" — and quite long ago). We were already a cluster of thriving nations trading to the outside world even before they came.
So now after the departure of the white man, what became of the Moro? Did the late KKK disco party gyrate at all? I mean, really, whatever happened to the Moro in the 21st century? Just who are now the present Moro? Are they any different from the ones the colonialists found and then left? Or are they merely spent shells smoked out of the spirits of their ancestors?
I had pondered how we had evolved and spent man-hours long enough to put a factory line to a standstill. I was a young man then hungry for any crumb of tale that I could splice in with what I read. I'd found out that in the 13th century, Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago had been a fledgling  new frontier of the Majapahit empire, the great pre-colonial empire of Southeast Asia centered on West Java. What other bits of history I knew I learned at my grandmother's knee. I had come to learn that the history of our people is encapsulated dominantly in oral chants and in the tongues of our bards. But tongues curl to the contour of the patron's wishes. And there arise the need to sustain the upbeat mood of the population in the wake of long drawn out skirmishes with the enemies. So the songs became a drug, a khat, laced with the concoction of actual triumphs and imagined exploits. Soon all the losses were gently glossed over, and what remained was a soothing lullaby intended to blunt the minds of those who escaped with their tails between their legs.
Even then, we feel in the marrow of our bones that we are a noble people, that surely the sĕlĕsîlah would not lie, that we had an unbroken descent from the line of sage prophets, however vague. Our sĕlĕsîlah— the forbidden book that our great, great forefathers kept with the zealous secrecy of a Mossad agent bore this out. The writ took great pains to connect us to the ancients, albeit in a convoluted way verging on the fantastic. Unfortunately though, they do not bear the stamp of time, largely because our ancestors dwelt in a self-contained world. They chose their destinations in a largely uncharted sea in full flourish to test the boundaries of endurance before the white men came to traffic.  They had ventured past the Indian Ocean as far as Madagascar at the mouth of the Red Sea.
These occupations were always fraught with danger. Sometimes, a whole galley of our ablest men perished in battle in a far-off land never to return. And a whole slew of village widows came as a result. And then the children of the slaves come of age, and the population grows, and then a game of taunt and teasing began. Where once we used to dip in a narrow gene pool, now the cistern became a wide mixture of dubious uncertainties. And a maiden, lonely that she is, would have no hesitation to kiss a tadpole to turn him into her prince.
For a time the sĕlĕsîlah (written in jawi, a locally devised derivative of the Arabic script), become a resource for clarifying blood lineage and the queue of succession in a long-established system. But it too became corrupted and inconsistencies kept creeping in. Over time, new sĕlĕsîlahs sprouted from different quarters claiming nobility for its adherents, and it became a nightmare for the succeeding generations to sift through the tangle to indicate which ones are real and which are apocryphal.

The truth couldn't be said any simpler: We are a mixed bag of tribes. The continuous Moro marauding of the water inlets of Luzon and the Vizayan islands only came to an end by the introduction of the steamboat in the dying days of the 19th century. By the time the Spaniards was quitting the scene, half a pint of our blood trailed the islands and had been replenished by those we have taken in captivity. Nothing stands still.
Photo courtesy: Maldamin Decampong.
A page from the sĕlĕsîlah  of Maginŭmong (Amaī Boga} of Bayang in the custody of Baì Samayà (Hadja Khaironesa) Cali Balt.

It was the Americans who started the clock for us or rather made us aware that time can — alas — be measured and narrowed down to a split of a second and that life can be hastened with the flight of a bullet. In 1903, when a wily group of Moro tribesmen in Lanao killed American soldiers of the 27th Infantry and then took several cavalry horses, General Chaffee demanded on the datus of the lake to surrender the perpetrators and the return of the horses. In spite of the ultimatum laid down after a nod from U.S. Congress, the datus sneered at it and replied that they bow to no one but the Sultan of Rum (Istanbul) like the world had not moved on, and that the Ottoman Empire had not centuries ago been in decline.
For better or worse, the selective memory made us survive. But once modern communications opened up, the childishness of our behavior were exposed like a can of worms. We scrambled out of the clouds of our laid back existence. When the smokescreens were removed, the Moro suddenly found himself as another Juan de la Cruz — just another pair of hands — in a newly minted Republic.
However he grudgingly allowed himself to be buffeted into the mainstream of Filipino life, he was treated with suspicion and a cold, wary welcome. His presence had only been little acknowledged. Gradually, the Moro realized the import of the dissent and interpellations his forebears had made when the Americans were pulling up stakes and left the scaffoldings of a work-in-progress Moro Provinces dangling:  the 1921 Sulu Petition to the 1935 Dansalan Declaration.
Feeling the exhilaration of a newly independent nation, the Filipino at the center felt that he was merely filling up the shoes vacated by the colonialists. It was so convenient for him that he felt disinclined to alter the setup one whit. And like the colonialists, he would not be denied his villain. And what a cookie-cutter villain the Moro could readily make! A mutual distrust soon developed which could not easily be bridged. Worse, doubting Juans questioned the Moro's ability to commit himself, that he could not be relied as partner in shaping this nation. Nothing could be farther from the truth. The Moro may stand accused on a whole lot of sundries — may even be guilty on a few of them — but never on failing to convey his side of the bargain.
The National Hero himself, Don Jose Rizal y Alonso, knew that the Moro could be counted upon in dire need, and in a thinly veiled hint, he alluded to it in his defense addressed to the Spanish Court Martial on the charges of sedition foisted on him: "…If I still had had intentions of political activity, I might have gotten away even in the vintas  of the Moros whom I knew in the settlements…"
We couldn't be sure if the good doctor's revelatory statement merely jumped him from the grate into the furnace, but surely he may had toyed with such an idea in desperation. As it turned out, Rizal had thrown everything including the proverbial kitchen sink to disown the revolution. The Moro at the time was merely preoccupied with battling for his turf but who knows, if Rizal had acted, history might have given us a totally different face then. The commitment the ancient Moro puts his mind into anything is legendary, if childlike. Once you have earned his trust, he would have no compunction to put his life on the line if needed be, not even if his tourniquet snaps out. Not too many years ago, in 1936, a Moro chieftain, so relieved that his son had ostensibly been saved from malaria by an American, William Cobb, an archeologist who had no formal training in medicine, gave the latter in gratitude a bewitching gift that later turned out to be the world's biggest pearl, the gem now reputed to command a price as high as $93 million.
As often happens, the Moro's trusting simplicity proved to be his undoing. Now, enclosed in a world he barely understands, the once haughty adventurer finds himself fiddling with the shackle of irrelevance. His modern counterpart a mere curiosity, a countenance of domesticated neglect and bewilderment. The modern Moro tries to reconcile his meager lot to the complexity of the present and wonders what morsel is left of his pride. In a world of semiconductors, plastic cards and nanosecond reckoning of time, he finds himself crabbing for footing. Abandoned in the cold by the Americans, he is tossed hither-thither, kowtowing  to whoever the powers that be.
Disoriented, he tries to retrace his steps. Along the hollowed hallways of Malacañan he waits patiently by the corridors, and whenever a manicured hand passes by, he ingratiatingly says a 'Good Morning, sir,' a 'Good Afternoon, sir,' and a 'Good night, ma'am,' while clutching a folder and  a pen at the ready (Oh yes, he eventually realized that the signing pen proved mightier than his kris). The next morning, you could see him in the same demure stolid posture, so still, you could mistake him for an antique jar.
Out of this, the modern Moro tries to rub himself off the desolation. The pundits among us are in endless session of discussions of what-might-have-been while the rest of the population wallow in the backwaters of nothing-is-so-much-there. Our provinces are the most destitute in the country. A few survived and never looked back. Others rediscovered their faith and mummified their women with ninja outfits who could only watch the outside world through the slits of their hijabs, as though viewing the world through the periscope of a battle tank.
Still others took up arms only to sell their cause for a paltry sum at the very next bend. Peace become something you have to buy afresh at the wet market every day. The ponderous ones try to wait out the tide. They attend endless peace talks with merry-go-round frequency. They nod their assent that something has to be done while nothing is being done. On the negotiating table they say their say and drink their coffee to the last dregs. When they break, they gossip around the water cooler. When they return to their seats, they add an item or two into the mishmash of words, call it a day, and adjourn to the next round. When they go home, they bring to their spouses the toiletries of every hotel they had been into.
It's not too late to start a truly honest dealing with the Moro as it is not too late for anyone to take the first step toward understanding him. And you don't have to start with grand schemes...
I was an impressionable kid some thirty years ago fresh out of Pier 15 when I decided that in the Capital I would not be bothered by anything 'Moro' and everything it stood for. In this way, I reasoned I would be progressive and not distracted. I wore my jeans, drank my beers, eat my pizzas, danced my parties and read my pocketbooks just like any wide-eyed youngster in his formative years. I was flushed with hope, looking for my place in the sun, relying on sheer guts, and excited that every day is a gift of discovery.
In the process, as the years dragged on, as I finished college and started to earn a living, I had developed an undiluted loathing of everything that my tribe stands for. I sneered at the seemingly rote melody of my folks' aria though I embraced the sweet headache of jazz. I dismissed the mocking gibes of the bayok sung acapella, though I took a liking for the nagging taunt of Rap music. I devoured Tolkien's novels in the 70s and other fantasy literatures but never cared to open the fifteen loose bound volumes of Darangan scripts an aunt had bequeathed to me in her deathbed, because, as she had always said, I was a  gifted child. I could not be talked to — I could not be bothered with things 'backward and trite.' I didn't realize I was attempting to jump off my skin.
When the opportunity to travel opened up for me, my horizon expanded. But then the years overtook and you begin to question the way you had approached life. Reassessment. I was walking in downtown Manhattan, just outside the Madison Square Garden with my friend, the five-time Illinois State Chess Champion, Angelo Young, when he dragged me inside a boutique to look at the shop's antique chess sets on display.  He had just won a sizeable betting from one of our forays in Philadelphia and was considering buying a baroque Hungarian or Polish set but he seemed could not make up his mind on the price. It was then that I spotted a design that for some reason I could not put my finger on. I asked the shop owner, obviously a connoisseur himself, about the set's detail. Looking at my face, he told me that I should know it's from the Philippines. The set, whose black pieces were carved out of a buffalo horn, he explained, came from Lanao. And then it came to me. I had once seen similar set in my hometown during my childhood. I told him I'm from Lanao and he seemed very pleased learning it. But when I told him that chances are that he did not know how to play chess, he seemed offended. He asked, "Why you said that?" I said, "The opposing Kings are supposed to face each other on the same file." He chuckled. "Now, I'm beginning to doubt if you're from the place at all, or you should have known that the piece placement of the datus in your place follows the Chaturranga which places the Kings on adjacent files — not the one favored by modern tournament praxis." I was irritated. "Isn't it the Ajedrez of the Spanish Governor-Generals that was introduced to us?"
To this day, I would never forget his reply: "My dear fellow, the chess of the datus in your place predated the coming of the Ajedrez. Check that out with your Federation."
This episode would not leave me and I was kicking myself. More so, because I prided myself with my knowledge of the game. I'd perused Yugoslav and Russian magazines and books. I used to own the complete volumes of the Sahovski Informator in hard copy. I'd travelled well. I'd slept on trains and Greyhound buses to get to the next chess tournament. But to know nothing of my heritage, oh well.
It was the summer of 1993 and I had just turned forty. I had a long think. I didn't want the police to one day find the lifeless body of a broken man in some seedy pension house in Copenhagen. Even dogs go home to die, so in 1996, because the brick kept hitting back, I went home to the Philippines.  I started to make amends to those aspects of folklore that I had maligned. At first, it was strictly for my own distraction and edification. Then I become enamored and then — at last — I began to read the analects of my old folks. In a sudden reversal, I became a mad bull inside a china shop devouring everything I could lay my hands on of the arts, culture and history of my ancestors. In 2000, for a stretch, I went under the tuition of an okir graphic artist from Tugaya, a fellow named Bashier Hassan. The last of the practitioners in the art, he taught me everything he knew about sigmoid designs that form the spine of myriad vegetal patterns. I dig what I might learn in parallel with other cultures especially the Celts of ancient Europe. What I learned, I plotted in vector graphics on the computer. Then I dabbled in writing stories and experimented with our art forms, thinking some ways how they could be ported into 3D animations and wraparound soundtracks without losing their identity into the props. I felt the excitement of  an antiques prospector stumbling upon a neglected armoire. To my delight I found that the heroes in the epic Darangan, when doing battle,  fly on their shields long before Marvel comics could even come up with Captain America. Cool. And this is even more cool: The Ayunan of Benbaran travels underwater in his boat! Our ancestors,  perhaps, had beaten to the punch the sketches of Leonardo da Vinci  in dreaming up the submarine!
I didn't know I could recoup a portion of my youth. I walked with a bounce to my feet, happy of my little discoveries. At length, I began to take a liking of the things I see around. It cued me on the significance of other cultural aspects of the country and broadened my perception — something formal education would never have been able to provide. In Escolta, my eyes were no longer restricted to shop-levels and travel up to the crumbling gargoyles of old buildings smeared with soot and bird droppings. If I close my eyes, I might hear the clopping of hooves on cobblestone as a calessa rattle down a corner, and a shout from a Guardia Civil: 'Alto!' And watching the sunset of the Manila Bay, if I squint my eyes hard enough I might make out the sail of a galleon ship heading out to Mexico and the New World.
I began to take a liking — a fetish — for crumbling neo-gothic structures and Spanish-inspired halls. "What are you up to," Federico, a friend from way back in college, jokingly asked as he flipped over the photos I had taken on centuries-old churches, "are you going to bomb them over?" I said, "They'd been bombed enough during World War II. I'd kick to Kingdom come the ass of whoever does it again." More than any other, a place of worship provides a clue to the history of any town, a city or even a whole continent. The breathtaking though odd bass relief of the Rendición de Tetuan of the San Joaquin Church depicted a historic battle scene of Tetuan when the Spanish thrashed the Moors with forty-thousand strong soldiers. It was made in 1869 to rally the towns of Iloilo and Antique to fight against Moro raids. Here lies the great secret of the staying power of the friars in the colonies. A Spanish lieutenant might had decided he needed more soldiers and ammunitions to fortify the defense of the coast that face the Sulu Sea. On the other hand, with a few well-timed gestures, the friars prepared the local populace emotionally and psychologically to beat back any would-be enemy raid.  This ability to operate on string budget saved them from ouster in overseeing the colony despite the press for reform. As articulated by Fr. José S. Arcilla, despite the anti-Church liberals in Spain seizing power in 1839, the seminaries that trained missionaries for overseas assignments were virtually left intact as they were far cheaper to operate than military units.
 Rendición de Tetuan of the San Joaquin Church depicted a historic battle scene 
Taking a cue on my interest in off-beat architecture, Federico brought me to his clan's ancestral mansion in Bacolor that dated back in the mid-18th century. I was instantly knocked out by the arches of  stone portal that lead to a curtilage paved with piedra china as we entered. The insides was even more impressive. Spanish tiles known as azulejos was laid out on the anteroom. The play of shadows on columns, portraits and corners lent  a smoky mystery to the place. My host toured me around until we had come to the base of a narrow stairs and I thought I had my fill. He told me I might like to go up alone in the turret. "Why, what's up there?" I asked Federico. He said, it's the mirador tower, the climax of my tour. "What's a mirador?" I said, suspecting it might be a prank. He said that it's where the inhabitants used to have the lookout for Moro marauders during the raiding on Lubao, Guagua, Bacolor and other places around Pampanga which only stopped in the late1800s when the first steamboats came to be purchased from Hong Kong. So alone I went up solemnly, doing my pilgrimage — my homage to the past. When I came to the upper landing, I was greeted by a vista of the countryside. I saw where the inlet of the sea split into channels. As a downdraft blew into my face and tugged at my shirt, I closed my eyes in the half-light of the dying afternoon. And in my mind's eye, I saw the glint of sweat running down the sinewy broad shoulders of crouched Moro marauders, hairs marcelled by being in the sun for months , sneaking their galleys through the low waters, their moccasin feet hitting the sandbars before the church bells could toll their warning…
But while I did all these, I saw others in exodus, heading the way I'd been. I was on my trek back while they are headlong on a forward plunge. I tried to caution them with the been-there-done-that routine. When we travel, we think we're expanding our horizon, though, in all truth, we could just be widening the walls of our captivity. Without the architraves that sense of the past provides, our construct of the world would simply fold on itself. But I was easily dismissed as belonging to the old school.
I won't quarrel with that. Whatever the future holds for this country, I have a premonition that the Moro will not be denied a pivotal role in it, and the Filipinos at large ought to welcome this. The time when the Moro is a mere adjunct would no longer hold water. A well-oiled machinery does splendidly when all the parts are working together. This should be the direction we should be pushing to. There's no need for everyone to be embroiled in a dust-up that would only serve to open up scabs of old wounds. There's no need to either recreate or fabricate the past. Nothing morally comfortable can be gained by trying to tidy up things into archetypes of monsters and victims. We merely have to undo the blinkers. Both hero and villain living within us all.
The Moro, for his part, has a lot of pedaling to do and he will need some elbow room. Unless he can restore the grandeur of his arts and culture and revitalize his traditional philosophies and principles, he will remain a yucky egg shell of his former self. He will just be a legal nomenclature defined in some half-forgotten Acts spawned from a tepid cup of coffee. The world is getting smaller as technology advances. And the Moro should be counted on for his steady hand and his passion to whip the blood into a frenzy of creativity. To continuously forgo this untapped resource would be the biggest mistake our policymakers could make.

We're not out to tame the Moro with a diorama of a birdbath: relegate him to sit on a branch of a tree, relieve him of the tension of his tourniquet, dangle his feet, and strain our ears to the ululation of his flute; au contraire, we want to reignite his spark as part of the Filipino's sense of self-rediscovery.  There's no need to bleach our skin off the traces of Rajah Humabon. He can buff us to a sheen so that our inner luster could glow on the surface, instead. He can be a wonderful resource in disabusing ourselves from the dizzy onslaught of modernization; he can lend character to the drab pretensions of our skyscrapers and arrest the Styrofoam shapes our cities are slowly turning into. He can motivate our protagonists for he is an old hat in rescuing damsels in distress. He can convert the raw fuel of life and fire our imagination with mystical inspirations in our arts, architecture, and industry.
This is not all about running after the West, and embarrassing ourselves in the process. Amidst "country branding" so in vogue today, this is about strengthening the foundation of the nationhood we've been busy building on; this is about reinforcing our cultural fabric so that it could stand the wear and tear of time; and utilizing every known resource at our disposal to put distinctness to our output. And why not? After all, the sleek contour of the Lexus that just rolled off the assembly line is nothing but the ingenuity of the samurai. In the decades that lie ahead, I don't see how the kris should be any different.
So let's get him off started — however crudely. Cut him some slack, your Excellency. And dear honorable Mayor, give him leeway, give him room on the sidewalk this Christmas for the odd trinkets he can sell. And dear pedestrian, be wary and give wide berth to the red-juice spittle from his betel nut chew. See, he is descended from the legendary warriors of Butig, Jolo and Buayaan, of whom they said had the fortitude to wait out the slow crumbling of any fortification. How long had he been struggling? Half a millennium, say? Take more. He's far from being burnt out. He can't be impressive this sudden though. He's trying to get his bearing, so allow a few banana-peel slips. A slop of spilled milk. He'll recycle on his own; no need to walk him through. He'll start small, but doggedly. A kindling, more imagined than seen or heard. Not a pneumatic hiss. Or a flash in the pan. Just a rhythmic grinding and a suppressed borborygmus. A rodent's insignificant gnawing, if you will. A beat  that in the meanwhile you can tap dance to in your head. Steady — until it catches and grows monumental.

Sunday, March 11, 2018

The baöng in the mirror


Lately while taking a break from the writing of my Monsoon Riders Series (ahem!), I noticed that I hadn't blogged on old proverbs in quite a while . Reason is, I had mourned – black cloak and all – the death of Ashari Tamano's Maranao dictionary on the internet. See, as I've already confessed in one of my earlier blogs, I'm not an expert on the vaunted art of Ranaū-Iranūn discourse. I'm no Edris Tamano; neither am I a Datu Ontay. My bread-and-butter is a John D. McDonald, Stephen King, George R.R. Martin, Jr., and a host of other fantasy, sci-fi and zombie writers. So, for much part of the deciphering process on the deeper meaning of Maranao words I had relied on Tamano's dictionary whenever the signal on the phone of my old folks of Basak gets choppy. I basically used Ashari's because, unlike other Maranao dictionaries I had sampled , he knows the nuances of the language better and his translation in English always hits the mark. While other Maranao dictionaries are crammed-heavy with nouns, Ashary's are profuse with verbs, adjectives, and difficult to handle words. I just wished he resurrect it – or even  better publish it (and I'll be its first customer).

Be that as it may, sans any crutch, here we go again.

Makasōdi si baöng na lêbi sêkanian bó.

The gourd is mocking when he is so full of it.

A baöng before the pre-industrial age is a gourd, usually a coconut shell for holding water (traditionally rainwater) used in cleaning the toilet and other dirty objects in the house. It's not something you want your visitors to see in the living room prominently displayed, so it is stowed away hidden out of sight in the backroom or left in the backyard exposed to the elements.

Coconut shells are plentiful in the Philippines so  they are a throwaway item among the folks in the countryside (Don't worry, they're biodegradable). But not the tin cans and plastic containers  in the cities, which the word baöng had come to embrace, which instead of being thrown away is retained to hold water for washing  the car, flushing the toilet, and cleaning the yard. The baöng, therefore, is a lowly item and its absence (or presence) is never noticed. Anytime it would be thrown into the garbage, and no one mourns its loss.

The baöng in the proverb is personified as someone in society who pretends to be holier-than-thou. Perhaps, he or she is a nouveau rich, a social climber who is relishing the novelty of his milieu, basking in his new mansion (though the neighborhood association suspect the source of his income), and treating his former peers as though specks of dust, peeking at them only on the side mirror of his BMW X5 SUV.

Perhaps, he is someone who failed to graduate his Arabic studies in the Middle East, and now comes back to the country, and bitter from having not been successful, preached with top-heavy lectures, indiscriminately lashing out at everyone he sees as someone destined to the hell fire, while brandishing his boarding pass awaiting his flight to heaven aboard a synthetic Tabriz carpet, to the tune of "A Whole New World" sung by Lea Salonga.

The English equivalent is obviously:

The pot calling the kettle black.

The pot is accusing the kettle of being sooty when the pot itself is thoroughly covered in it. This is one of the rare occasions when we get an apple-to-apple correspondence with the target language.  I like the clipped economy of the Maranao saying which is the hallmark of a quality proverb. No defect is mentioned, just implied in the "mocking" accusation.

The proverb can be traced back to Jesus. Speaking on the subject of judgmentalism,  in the Gospel of Matthew 7:3, he is quoted as saying, "Why look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no heed to the plank in your own eye?"

Perhaps the baöng-gourd in our proverb was having its bliss of ignorance because it didn't have the benefit to see itself in the mirror.  One man did. He sang, rather than said it: “I’m starting with the man in the mirror, I’m asking him to change his ways." The song may not be Michael Jackson's biggest hit, but it became a fitting anthem of his passing.

Everyone is accusing everyone of not doing much to the environment. The big nations of the world are bullying the smaller ones about industrial pollution but they themselves are so sooty of it.

Corollary to this is yet another clipped interrogative proverb of the old folks. "Sorong ka sa pagalungan, na antona aī mīa ilay ngka?" Have a peek in the mirror, now what do you see?  This is an implied admonishment not to be unduly critical of others.

So goes our proverb: Makasōdi si baöng na lêbi sêkanian bó.

The gourd is mocking when he is so full of it.

Friday, June 16, 2017

Remembering a young hero and a gentleman: Ali Dimaporo (1918-2004)


Ali Dimaporo was born June 15, 1918, (his birthday this month) and to remember this swashbuckling Ranaū-Iranūn, I have put up this encomium I have culled from my modest library to reveal the young idealist everyone hardly knows about.


Whenever we – of the last two generations – think about Ali Dimaporo, a few things stood out. What we remember mostly were: the controversy of his taking up the title of Sultan sa Maçiu; his waltz with the dictatorial regime of Ferdinand Marcos; his becoming a president of the Mindanao State University without having obtained a doctorate degree; his love and hate relationship with the Bangsamoro secessionist groups; his preoccupation with his pit Barracuda private army; and his romance with a commoner girl barely a third his age.

Through these carousel of events, a common denominator is that most of these were only later episodes in his life  an icing on a cake when Ali had the luxury of breaking taboos at will. That's what we remember. Barely anyone knows about the impatient but fresh young man who literally fought his way to fame and glory, so impatient that when he had earned the praise from American and Filipinos alike after paving way for the successful landing of the American forces on April 17, 1945 in Malabang, he downplayed it with a shrug, and later, said, "I had no ambition except to fight and defend our country. That's why I didn't even bother myself to make reports. I wasn't in it for any credit whatsoever." In his household, in the walls hang not too many medals, although he received numerous of them. He hardly could recall much of them, but, as he said, he did not really care.

It was 1944: the Japanese were relentless, inexorably making inroads into the interior of Mindanao. The Imperial troops engaged the northern coast, and a week would not pass by without flash encounters between them and the guerrillas.

In March 15, 1944 the Japanese broke through Kolambugan and killed two key officers of the 108th regiment, Major Juan Curaming and Lt. Arturo Murphy. Although they seemed unstoppable, the Japanese studiously avoided the Ranaū territory, knowing the readiness of the Maranaos to fight ferociously, so most encounters took place along the northern coast and the southern coast, where the Japanese had the sea, Panguil Bay and the Illana Bay for fall back as ready retreat.

This did not mean that the MMF (Maranao Militia Forces) were biding their time only for any eventuality in the interior. Two officers, Majors Busran Kalaw and Manalao Mindalano, constantly made forays to the coasts to help guerilla regiments stood up in their protracted struggle with the Japanese army.  Between January 23 to 24, Mindalano's regiment reinforced the beleaguered 10th regiment of Major Juan Navarro at Kapatagan. And, without breaking his stride, two days after on January 26, he had a firefight with the enemy at Tubod, killing about ten Japanese in close combat.

From this hit-and-run, and cat-and-mouse play, emerged a young man, who become the scourge of the Japanese installations: Mohamad Ali Dimaporo. The young Ali was only twenty-three years old pursuing his law studies at UP and later at Far Eastern University when the war broke out, and as an ROTC Reserve Officer, he had to join the army.

So, on October 30, 1941, Ali was commissioned a 3rd Lieutenant, assigned in the 10th Battalion on the 101st Infantry of the Army. His unit was immediately given the defense of Davao, but Davao fell, and the unit retreated to Bukidnon. 

Then he was requested by Gen. Guy O. Fort of the USAFFE high command to become his aide de camp and then tasked to organize the Moro Battalion in the southern part of Lanao. But the Japanese were relentless. Ali and his men were forced to drop back to Karomatan where he was promoted to 1st Lieutenant for saving the life of an American officer. 

Finally, unable to withstand the onslaught, Gen. Jonathan Wainwright IV, Commander of the Allied forces in the Philippines, threw in the towel and gave the order to surrender. In turn, Gen. Fort, along with the USAFFE officers, and Dimaporo ended up incarcerated at the concentration camp in Camp Keithley in Marawi. A few months after in July 1942, Dimaporo was released by the Japanese on the expectation that he would do as they bid in the pacification campaign. In exchange for a pledge to bring about the surrender of Captain Mamarinta Lao and Major Manalao Mindalano, the highest ranking Muslim officer in USAFFE (United States Armed Forces in the Far East), he was provided with thirty rifles and two launches to patrol Laka Lanao for the purpose.

For a while, Dimaporo feigned obedience and played the part. He made public his support of the Japanese plans for the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" and urged his fellow Maranaos to cultivate the land and desist violence against the occupying forces. He also collected firearms for surrender as a token of his "sincerity." Seeing the relationship blossoming, the Japanese provided him two vehicles to trade on rice, coffee and tobacco between Lanao and Misamis Oriental, and he was assigned in the repair of roads and bridges, even as he was cautiously mustering enough forces to break away.
A relic World War II Japanese Imperial Army tank, similar to the six tanks that had been rotting and wrapped with wisterias  in Camp Kiethley in Marawi in the 1960s, supposed to be part of the heritage of the town, before it was dismantled and sold by scavengers to the junk shops, when the city government did not have the mind to preserve it. The author in his childhood had played soldiers on the tanks with some friends when their turrets could still be rotated a 180-degrees. Camp Kiethley was renamed Camp Amaī Pakpak, in honor of the hero who twice fought the Spaniards in the area. Instead of rebuilding the fort according to the reconstructed drawings of Mamitua Saber, it was appropriated for a public hospital, which could have been constructed somewhere else instead of occupying a historic landmark.
This was a daring move for Ali, a shot in the dark, for there was no way of clearing his plan with any upper command. He was improvising on his own. Recruiting a company was all gut feel and fraught with danger as one would have no way of ascertaining whether a candidate was a spy. A Macario Tucao of Malabang squealed on him. The Garrison Commander, Captain Ishima, summoned him to the headquarters and gave him a lecture with a stinging slap at the face. This humiliation never left Ali.

The opportunity to spring his revenge came when Ishima ordered Ali to provide guard to the Japanese doing repair works on a bridge straddling the boundary of Malabang and Cotabato. The convoy of three trucks and a flatbed pick-up loaded with seventeen Japanese soldiers, including Captain Ishima. Dimaporo and thirty-two of his men, and some 100 Christian civilian workers left Malabang in the morning and traveled thirty-one kilometers to the site just in time for lunch.

They decided to eat first before working. Not suspecting anything, the Japanese soldiers laid their rifles at the base of the trees, grouped themselves and started eating their food and chuckling. Ali's men waited for the signal, which was tying a handkerchief round his wrist. As he did so, his men opened fire on the Japanese and all were killed. They then took all the weapons, anything useful, and had some them of the men don Japanese uniforms, and drove back to Malabang.

Before taking the town, Ali's uncle, Sayīk Batawi {Datumulok} had some reservations on the non-combatant Christians workers. He wanted them all executed, arguing that he feared that these "weaklings" might squeal on the group. But Ali would have none of this nonsense, and pointed to the real enemy--the Japanese. Eventually, they released all the workers and everyone went their separate ways. Ali grouped his men into three and attacked, the garrison, the outpost at Fort Corcuera (renamed Fort Abad Santos in honor of the Chief Justice executed by the Japanese in Malabang), and the detachment at the airport. The annihilation was successful, and after a short-lived celebration, Malabang braced itself for the expected retaliation. The residents were herded to the hills, and the town became a virtual ghost-town, and except for the tight circle of Ali's men, only the howling of dogs at the far end of the downtown could be heard as the troops waited anxiously.

The key to the defense was to block entry of reinforcements at the Matling bridge, manned by Macapangkat Tomara. After three days of waiting, a massive contingent of Japanese soldiers finally came from Cotabato. Realizing the strength of the opposition, Ali put up a token fight just to give enough distractions to preoccupy the enemy to allow his men to his escape unscathed. Japanese warships then bombarded coastal area to uproot  guerillas wherever they might be in hiding.

Ali retreated to Lake Lanao in his hometown Binidayan. True to form, he employed some delaying tactics to ward off the impending attack in his territory by sometimes offering to surrender and then haggling on for some terms and conditions. He also offered for a peace conference in Binidayan or Wato; in turn, the Japanese offered him a safe conduct to a meeting in Malabang or Dansalan. But each would not be fooled by the other. The haggling continued and Ali was only too happy to temporize until he was served a notice from the USAFFE to prepare for a massive uprising in anticipation of an American landing. The operations was so successful that when the Americans sent patrols along the highways toward Lake Lanao it was clear of Japanese already.

He was only twenty seven years old then at this time, and he was just getting started in life. These experience was mostly responsible in molding Ali's life. It pays for our present leaders who tend to be tender at the bellies to emulate his unorthodox handling of situations which is a study in grand strategies endemic to the Ranaū-Iranūn. His steadfastness where he cannot be sidetracked by petty ambitions was without peer. He could walk the wire. Call him a 'mad dog' if you will, but he sniffed trouble by a mile. I believe that were he alive today, he could have offhandedly diffused the tense situation in Marawi, without breaking a sweat, before things had gone haywire.

Monday, March 27, 2017

Karibang (a short fiction in a Ranaū-Iranūn setting)


The “Lumber” lakebed we have today down Raya Madaya in Marawi is no longer the watering hole I used to know in the 60s. Back then the lake teemed with fish-cages, tall stalks of bayumbong, and giant boulders on which young kids enthroned themselves to daydream and while away the hours whenever they could escape school. Nowadays, the place is a haven for drug peddlers and seedy people and if you pass by the dilapidated houses, there you could more than feel than see a dozen pair of eyes following you through the slits in the walls.

Back then, I and the other children used to bathe in the lake. And as was our wont, we laze in the sun the whole day until our hide roast brown. With head propped up on our knees looking detached from our neck, we sat naked among the boulders from where the cool water was within easy dive. There, we exchanged stories we heard from the elders while bored lizards, hugging the moist underside of the stones, licked moss. There, our eyes would follow the hyacinths to the depths, spanning a green carpet to the horizon beyond like you could just simply walk your way to nirvana.

Lanao -- the outburst of an ancient, angry volcano -- is awash with fantastic tales of magic and the unknown to fuel a child’s imagination. But the son of an ustadj was not supposed to believe these heretic tales. Still, with the odd contours of the landscapes and the richness of the environment, I couldn’t help but be teased by the eerie magic around me. On a good day, with just the right angles of shadows, you could make out the range of mountains and hills on the horizon bumped like blankets about the knees and breasts of a recumbent high-born princess. The Disney-addled students of the Mindanao State University dubbed her Sleeping Beauty, forgetting she was once called Rianōn by the betel-nut chewing folks of the lake. An aunt once told me that when you’re by the lakeshore, if you just close your eyes hard enough and tune out the natural sounds around you and have patience, you’ll be rewarded by a gentle humming of a song by a siren.

I was already thirteen turning on fourteen when I was beginning to be convinced that there really were no giants and witches after all but just the lake and the stalks, and the stupid fishermen’s dugout canoes trolling for some school of fish to dynamite.

But karibang or water nymphs…

I had just bolted up into the surface of the water from a high dive, a helmet of hyacinths crowning my head like a commando in camouflage, when I heard an ultra-silky voice.

“Someone please retrieve my bar of soap?”

Shrugging off the hairy roots of the hyacinths, newly spawned shrimps bumping off my shoulders and flicking back into the water, I wiped globules of water off my eyes and squinted in the direction of the owner of the voice.

It was a young woman.

She was seated on a low stone that barely cleared the green water. She was peering into the water, her long eyelashes almost touching the waterline. In the wavy reflection I couldn’t make out her face, cupped in both hands to blot out the harsh light. A long, rich, jet-black hair fanned her bare back as she bent low, her unseen legs folded under. She wasn’t so much as wearing anything but a malong-sari (a tubular clothing the Ranaū-Iranūn can’t do without). It was knotted around the hem atop her left shoulder to keep from slipping off. Gentle waves kept nudging the down-half of the malong puddled around her. But the cloth, sticky-wet as it was, was hard put to hide her shapely body.

Treading in the water to keep my head above the surface, the ripple dissolved her reflection, and it was exchanged with a view of her oval face when she lifted her head up to look at me.

It was her eyes that handcuffed me swifter than a police arrest. You could dive into it and be happily gone forever from your parents.

Could she be what the elders kept warning about when they tried to dissuade us kids to stay away from those eerie bayumbongs just at the drop of the Batara Rice Mill? Is this one a mermaid herself? I have to see her up close, I decided, if it kills me.

Not without any trepidation, I swam to her.

“Which way it went, lady?” I asked as I approached, treading the water, ready to bolt away any second just in case. We were alone that very afternoon. All around us was dead-quiet like we could have been the only people left in the world. Wisps of cloud smeared the sky but they were so still it could have been a sketching by a bad artist. The last of the bathers were gone and I could not hear any drumming of paddles by the laundry women.

Our eyes caught and she smiled at me coyly. She pointed to her left, tentative. “Over there…I suppose…”

Her slender tapering fingers had no nail polish. Now I could see she wasn’t wearing any ornament on her body that to do so would be superfluous. Her snail-shaped cochlea didn’t need any earing to stand out. She had no belly-button I could discern through the gauze of her malong. I was trying to establish her connection to the settled world. I supposed that the laundry she had washed should have been proof enough she wasn’t a karibang.

My body dipped like a duck, and then I was gone in the opaque liquid. A minute later, I resurfaced in triumphant glee, soap in hand.

“My…my…thank you!” She clapped her hands.

“What’s your name lad?” she asked as I handed her the bar.

“Alik!” I answered. “Lik is what my friends call me to save breath when dogs give us a chase.” I spat water. “You’re new in here, eh.”

“Right, Alik. We just settled on our new house along the corner of the cobblestones and the main road.”

I pulled myself up on her stone. “That’s across us!” I said.

“Really? Wonderful. Wonderful because you’re going to help me carry my laundry up the stone stairs.” She looked at me straight and smiled. “Old folks say that if you have to help someone, then you help her through and through. You helped me get back my soap, you might as well carry my load.”

“Yeah, you’re right!” I said, enthusiastic. “Like the alphabet. When you say A, you have to say B. And then C.”

“And so forth,” she said. And we both laughed.

When she propped herself up, I was so relieved she had no fish tail after all. She helped put the laundry atop my head, and said, “Alik, my name is Dyansarum. Quite a mouthful, huh. But even if there’s no dog chasing us out, just call me Dyan.” And we went home giggling.

Midway along the hurdle, she took her laundry off my head. She thanked me profusely and said we’ll be seeing each other around. I watched as she made her way through the tall blades of grasses until she was lost in the denseness.

That evening as I took my place on the reed mat as the family retired, I couldn’t sleep for a long time. Our neighbor, Babo Zsolica, was belting out in singsong mode an episode of her kirim which I ended up listening to until I dozed off. I was still seeing Dyan’s breathtaking face in my dream, her pert nose, her wide eyes, her full lips, raven tresses, and the impression her body made behind the gauze of the wet malong. I began to doubt as I pondered that, that afternoon, I had just met a girl named Dyan. Perhaps, I had met a water nymph. Perhaps the house down the lake was enchanted because for a long time it went unoccupied. I couldn’t wait for morning to come.

The following day, I had confirmed from everyone that there was no new occupant in the big house by the lake. It had been abandoned for a long time, I was told. My mother felt her palm on my forehead and declared I was running a fever. My father said I should be taken to Dr. Villacorta or Pacaldo for checkup, but mother stayed his wallet. A good rest would do the trick she said. So I didn’t go to school that day.

I bided my time and when nobody was looking, I sneaked out of the house to investigate things for myself.

I made a brisk walk of it. Halfway through the stone stairs where Dyan left off into the grasses, I followed to where I thought she disappeared from my sight into the old house.

Tall blades of grasses cut at my wrists until it opened up into a clearing. Before me was a big old house, the old folks called torogan. On the corners of the house were beams of okir with niaga motifs. The intricate curlicues on the cornice must have been the work of several craftsmen, and it must have taken months even years to perfect the ornaments. The floors were sagging though. The stairs were missing some spokes. Termites built holes in the wood.

I went up climbing, wary lest the the upper landing couldn't carry my weight. The double-door was a bas-relief ironwood of a rare variety. They were ajar as if in invitation. I pushed the right door and it creaked open as though somebody was in pain. I slid in and entered the house. There were gauze curtains draping the windows, lilting in the downdraft. They were moth-eaten. I touched one and it crumpled into dust. I looked around me. Everything was wrapped in cobwebs. My eyes were drawn to a big chest. And this was a big test.

I wiped a hand along the top of the chest to get rid of the dust. Two niaga clashed head on served as the design. I opened it and I was startled by the white-bone skulls inside grinning at me. I let go of the top cover and dust thumped out. My hearts skipped in its rib-cage, and I had to calm down for a few minutes before I could took reign of myself again.

There was nothing in the house. Not  even the laundry. Nobody seemed to have been in the house, though I could hear the whistle of the wind in the rafters. I went around and didn't find a soul. Just a few geckoes  rounding up the posts.

But a set footprints walked toward the back of the house. I followed it as it is being erased by the wind. I followed to the backstairs and into the tall  pampas grass. I ended up in the part of the lake where I'd never been before.

A voice was calling me. I was not sure because the wind rose and It was mingling with the sound of the wind. I followed the voice up to the depths. And I lost consciousness.

I woke up in the hospital. An IV bottle was running  a tube into my wrist. When I could talk sensibly, I was told that it was a fisherman who found me. They had to pump water off my stomach. They even joked that a gourami was lodged in my throat and they had to extricate it along with the weeds.

When I got well, I was forbidden to go to the lake. I had to attain several sessions with an old quack who let me wear a triangular packet  with an eye  drawn on it. He said to my parents that I had met a karibang. It was surely a jinn, my father told me. She'll come back if I don’t watch out.

When I graduated from high school I went off with some friends as stowaway in a boat bound for Manila.

It was thirty years later when I was back in Marawi.

I went to the lakeshore. Nobody was restraining me. Everyone had forgotten that episode in my life. I could hardly recall its detail. My parents were not around anymore, and I wasn't about to entertain the silly idea that somehow Dyansarum would be there after all these years. 

I went home for the sheer nostalgia of it all.

I had a hard time groping my way through the incline. A lot has changed and for the worse. I hardly know anybody around. Strangers stared at me with unfriendly eyes. The old house was long gone, perhaps used as firewood and I couldn’t be sure where it had once stood. Now I was beginning to doubt if the lake was still there even. It was there alright though the waterline had receded. The stones were long gone in masonry. The fishing nets were no longer there as there were no more fish to catch. The once clear sands were now littered with bottles and garbage and cans and plastics glinting in the sun.

It was the same afternoon. Sleeping Beauty was still there, still majestic in her airy indifference. I stood by the lake. A wind ruffled my collar. The sun was setting.

I closed my eyes as my late aunt had once told me when I was kid. I waited for the siren song to come.  I waited and waited. And who am I fooling?

I was startled by a sound.

Damn, it was just the strident ringing of my mobile phone.

I brought up the phone. It could be an urgent call from my office at Manila. But there was no number or name registering on the screen. Weird. I put it on my ear.

"Hello, who's this?" I said.

"Hello, Alik. Do you still remember me?"

It was a silky voice I've heard before. The same ageless voice I've heard long ago.

"Dyan, Dyan. Is that you?"

"Yes it's me. But you can call me Dyansarum as no dog is chasing you, right?"

…..

(Can any reader suggest how I should end this? Or do we just stop here for mystery?)

Thursday, April 28, 2016

Lakáng Ab'dula : Frog-dissecting Nick Joaquin's balik-anito program


It seems, until now, our local historians can’t quite break out of a self-inflicted straitjacket. Notwithstanding the challenges brought by the burgeoning field of prehistory, the emerging techniques of ethnohistory, and developments in linguistic theory, our national historians, even in this age of globalization of knowledge, can't come to terms to a borderless account of Southeast Asia. A lot of controversy still hounds the seaboard rulers of pre-Hispanic Manila and its environs, and the very person of Rajah Lacandula (r. 1558-1571) stood out foremost among them. In the end, these protagonists exhaust themselves out for want of ammo and with little purchase to latch on. And just when you think the issue had cooled down somewhat after the proverbial kitchen sink had been thrown into the fray, the rubbernecks, seeing the weary warriors slink away, scavenge among the rubbles and then finding a splinter or two that titillate their fancy, starts rekindling anew a fresh-wound controversy.

Many modern writers take exception to the use of the name "Rajah Lacandula." The reasoning goes that within Lacandula is already built in the title, so that 'Rajah' is a mere redundancy, a sour appendix that could conveniently be lopped off without royally hurting the man, really.  But the Spaniards, playing by the ear mostly and having no patience to investigate, innocently scribbled whatever they'd heard, and as was their wont they hispanized the letter 'k' into 'c.'

Isolating the title from the name, we get the words 'Lakan' and 'Dula.' But following this split–like a panhandler from out of nowhere suddenly appearing on your windscreen at the red traffic – the question begs itself: what is Lakan – and who is Dula?

A few modern writers were convinced that "Rajah" was "never used in the original sources" in so far as Lacandula is concerned. What "original sources" they mean we can only muse on because everybody else in this era is called Rajah like Rajah Matanda, Rajah Sulayman (Rajah Muda or Crown Prince), etc. What made them confident in putting up such an issue is the perceived "redundancy." No less than Nick Joaquin himself, seeing a crack, went out on a limb to point out that the term Lakan, and not Rajah, was used by the rulers of Tondo. And who dares joust with a national icon?

Let's follow Joaquin's train of thought in Manila, My Manila (1990), as he, fuelled by a nostalgic romp, boldly speculates on Lakandula's religious beliefs:
"Tondo's Lakan Dula may have been unusual in being neither foreign nor muslim. This was indicated by his use of the native term Lakan instead of the foreign title Rajah. Lakan dula can be presumed… to have been reared in the anito cults. One guess is that he converted to islam, then changed his mind and returned to his native faith."

Trouble is, the terms "Rajah" and "Lakan" are alleged to be the "same thing." Joaqun had no difficulty finding converts as shown by the following internet entry:
"Unlike the rulers of Manila who were heavily influenced by Brunei, the rulers of Tondo retained their indigenous titles and did not call themselves "rajahs". The two words, "rajah" and "lakandula" simply negate each other. " <https://sites.google.com/site/truelakandula/confusionsonlakandula>

This is sad because I find the above website, otherwise, very interesting and a great resource. Before dealing with the redundancy, let's plumb first the real culprit brought by splitting the wrong compound. The actual Tagalog word is Lakáng Dúla recorded by the Spanish chroniclers as Lacandula. Now, it's crystal clear that the trailing 'n' in Lakan has mighty little business being there, being that the Spanish rendition had already elided the letter 'g'.  The word is laká, a Tagalog form of the Javanese raka, never a native one at that (for the penchant of the Tagalog to adapt words differently, compare for example the Iranūn word uran, meaning rain, and the Tagalog ulan). It's somehow related to another Javanese word rakai (Ilocano lakay), the primary meaning of which is "elder, grandfather." Raka in Iranūn vernacular is kaká, an appellation still very much alive among the Ranaū-Iranūn (Maranao) today.

To bring home our point, oft times the linker is different, e.g. Lakambini in Lakáng Bini. Of course, when the name starts with a 'd' or an 's', the linker is 'n', e.g. Dayansalong for Dayang Salong. Now to round off, let's throw in our ten-cent into the begging bowl: the name 'Dula'.

It has been maintained that to evade being hounded by the Spanish, many aristocrats kin of Lacandula, especially those who revolted against Spain, hid behind some permutations of his name like "dulay," "rebadulla," "duldulao," "dulalia," "dulayba," or some such. <https://sites.google.com/site/truelakandula/jewish-1> However, in tracing the root-origin of Dula, Dr. Antonio Guerreiro and Rederick Orlina were unanimous that Lacandula is a Muslim name because, in Brunei (as in other Southeast Asian countries), Dula is the common shortened name of the Arabic Abdullah (Ab'dula). The practice of taking the later syllables of a full name as one's moniker persisted through the centuries. When the British Captain Thomas Forrest visited Maguindanao in 1775 on the pretext of taking census, the crown prince was fondly referred to by his people as Datu Nain, though his full name was Iskandar Dulkar'nain.

The success of Catholicism in the country is undeniable. Christianity is a beautiful religion and the bulk of the Filipinos is a grateful recipient of it. One need only point out that the first native Indio listed as belonging to a Christian religious order was Martin Lacandola, unmistakably a descendant of the famous Tondo ruler. But for the life of me, I can't see why Lacandula is being hauled away from his Bruneian ancestry, never mind his belief, when his very person is pivotal as a reference point in tracing the ancestral royal lineage of many a clan of Luzon as Pangîran Adipati Agung Muwalil Wasit (Râja Bongsu) of Sulu is the ideal bridge in reckoning the broader canvas of Southeast Asia. Lacandula, as a key historical figure, is an ancestor to which many prominent families in the Philippines today look upon. Among his reputed progenies are: Don Dionisio Capulong (Batang Dula); Datu Magat Salamat, the Muslim Chieftain of Tondo who revolted; Phelipe Salonga, who was exiled to Mexico; Martin Lakan Dula, who entered a religious order; Luis Salugmoc, and; Maria Poloin, maternal ancestor of José Rizal.

Now, for the "redundancy," here is another excited entry in the internet:
"Rajah and Lakan are both titles. So, Rajah Lakan Dula is an oxymoron. It is just like Don Mister Lopez or Miss Binibining Gloria. Either you call it Rajah Dula or Lakan Dula or Gat Dula but never Rajah Lakan Dula. " <https://sites.google.com/site/truelakandula/confusionsonlakandula>

Believe it or not, it is this very "oxymoron" that these early ancestors of ours were striving to achieve! Don't trust me, and ask any seasoned genealogy bard and they will tell you why. I've just finished keying in about two-hundred entries ( ca. 1400 to present) from my copy of the Royal Brunei Ancestry into my database and am shifting to Sêlangor, and, boy, do they love their titles trailing by a mile. Here is a typical entry: General H.R.H. Kebawah Duli Maulana Paduka Sri Sultan Haji Sir Omar ‘Ali Saif ud-din III Sa’ad ul-Khair wa ud-din ibni al-Marhum Sultan Muhammad Jamal ul-Alam Khair wa ud-din, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan, Brunei Dar us-Salam.

That's the present Brunei Sultan's father for you. These people must be wrapping their titles around themselves like a bandolier! "Redundancies" in titles sometimes results as a consequence of transition from an old setup to a new one. In the 18th century the various Islamized royal houses of the South were hesitant to let go of centuries-old titles and styles lest their realm get confused and unwittingly provide an opening for an adversary to exploit, or apprehensive that their assumed hierarchical rank diminished. So they came up with a less-than-tidy solution: fuse them. The title Datumulok, for example, is a deliberate fusion of "Datu" and "Mulok." Mulok is derived from the Arabic Mulk or Malik, which means king. Since Datu means king too, then we're bound to obtain the "oxymoron" king-king. The last of the Datumuloks in Ranaū-Iranūn was Sayīk Batawi of Tugaya, son of Sultan Mangotara of Binidayan and Baȳalabi Dampologan of Owato. Coming into disuse, today, Datumulok had denigrated into a common name.

A close look at some of the titles reveals legacy Sanskrit or Malay or Hindu or Javanese titles dovetailed to the sported titles. This practice is not only confined to the royals but also to the rest of the nobility. The title Gūruālim is a fusion of Guru (Hindu) and Alim (Arabic), the two meaning 'teacher' or learned man. When the public fully appreciated the import of the term Alim, the holy man let go of the crutch and Guru was eventually dropped, although even today, you could still hear after-dinner stories about the ancient Gūruālim who could walk on water.

In the case of Raja Lacandula, redundancy is less an issue, a no-brainer, because Raká in its pristine form is not up to par (and were never meant to be) with Raja–but more of an endearment to elders like the Kaká in use by the Ranaū-Iranūn. For example, my personal genealogy consultant is Kaká i Bantog Romīro, an octogenarian of Kialdan. In an 1887 article by Isabelo de los Reyes in Los Regulos de Manila, José Rizal identified Raja Soliman as Raja Mura (young Raja) in opposition to Raja Matanda, which in the same article De los Reyes wrote that Raja Matanda and Lacandola are one and the same person. John Foreman, in his book The Philippines, also noted that Lacandola, the Raja of Tondo was also known as Raja Matanda, the aged Rajah.

Raja is the title invariably assigned by the Brunei royalty to their satellites. The great Raja Laká Dula collected tithes from anything that floats (ships in all sizes and shapes) into the radius of Manila Bay, and furls their sails pending settlement of their dues. So he truly was a Raja in name and in deed. His mother, Pangîran Istri Putrí Ysmeria, was the fifth child of Sultan Bolkiah Shah Alam as mentioned in the Brunei annals.

I really can't quite wrap my head around what Nick Joaquin is into. Even the word anito that he so touted as "native" is a derivative of the Malay antu, meaning "spirit." Thing is, for our title-conscious ancestors, a Strunk & White trying to police their courtiers would be an anathema!